I've had 3 cardiovascular surgeries over a 3-year period. The first stroke was caused by a TAVR procedure to replace my aortic valve. Using catheters and wires is the latest technology. It's a minimally invasive procedure replacing open heart surgery, the traditional approach. The downside is that the wires can chip off pieces of calcium and/or cholesterol that leads to an ischemic stroke.

The second and third strokes were caused by bypassing a seriously blocked carotid artery. They used a T-Car procedure, like a TAVR in that it relies upon catheters and wires.

All 3 strokes are minor, cumbersome, and annoying but not life threatening or debilitating.
At my age, 84, we're more concerned with anesthesia than the procedure. The innovative technology minimizing anesthesia and maximizing results, especially for seniors in their 80's.