@cehunt57 thank you! i've encouraged her to join this wonderful resource of support, so hopefully, she will when she's ready. at the moment, i'm doing a lot of the research and taking advantage of any outside support (like this group), so that i can help her. maybe a certified diabetes educator would be more helpful than her dietician, since she says she's getting conflicting info from the dietician and endocrinology NP. she is becoming more familiar with the i:c ratio, so hopefully in time, things will be less challenging for her. again, thank you for the tips and sharing your experience!