Both of my parents had Parkinson's in their later years. I have followed the science regarding the co-enzyme NAD and its precursor NR (Niagen, nicotinamide riboside). It was discovered as a vitamin by Dr. Charles Brenner when he was on the faculty at Dartmouth. He now supervises a group at The City of Hope research facilities in California. I have read that while the other two variants in the B-3 group also are precursors to NAD, apparently they are less effective in nerve cells. Dr. Brnner has said that niacin is not very effective, which may be because another enzyme that is common throughout the body's cells, is in very limited supply in nerve cells. NAM (nicotinamide) is just not as effective as NR generally for some reason. Dr. Brenner has said that NR has a dedicated kinase pathway that opens and seeks NR into damaged cells. I am aware of various anecdotal instances that are consistent with these concepts. I know six people who get relief from restless legs syndrome, three from peripheral neuropathy, one from lupus, one from carpal tunnel syndrome, and other examples as well, by taking NR. Many active clinical trials are using NR regarding neurological and metabolic conditions listed at clinicaltrials.gov. I linked the Phase 1 trial, but there is also a Phase 2 trial that has been upgraded to Phase 3 which is projected to be completed with results in late 2025. I think this upgrade was made after I first posted about it here. I am optimistic. Following the science regarding NR has become something of a hobby for me. I became interested when I noticed that my mild psoriasis vanished when I took it long enough, and that my occasional electric-like pin-prick shots into the sole of. my feet stopped, and more subtle benefits. since the vitamin is safe (eg. we got it in mothers' milk and it has GRAS from the NIH) I take at least 1000 mg per day. I will disappointed if it doesn't prove efficacious regarding Parkinson's disease in the next 16 months. One of the trials that is being run parallel to the main NoPark Phase 2/3 is one where the dose was increased to 3000 mg per day since participants were getting varying results in the ongoing trial. It was shown to be safe at that dose in another trial. I would not wait 16 months to start supplementation with it for Parkinson's disease, since the disease is progressive and without adequate treatments. It hasn't been proven by FDA standards yet, but it is proven that the co-enzyme NAD is very important regarding cellular energy and repair, and NR is an effective precursor to NAD.