Testicular Health: What to Know and When to Seek Care

Testicular health is an important part of overall well-being. The testicles play a key role in hormone production, fertility, and sexual health. Changes in the testicles are common and can range from harmless conditions to those that require prompt medical attention.

At Mayo Clinic, our Department of Urology provides expert, patient-centered care for a wide range of testicular conditions, including both benign concerns and testicular cancer. This page is designed to help you understand what is normal, recognize potential warning signs, and know when to seek care.

What are the testicles?

The testicles (also called testes) are two oval-shaped organs located in the scrotum. They have two main functions:

• Producing sperm for reproduction
• Producing testosterone, the primary male sex hormone

Because of these roles, testicular health is closely linked to fertility, sexual function, and overall health.

Common testicular conditions

Testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in younger men, typically between ages 15 and 40, but it can occur at any age.

The good news is that testicular cancer is highly treatable, especially when found early.

Common signs include:

• A painless lump or swelling in a testicle
• A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
• Dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin
• Change in size or firmness of a testicle

Early evaluation is important for the best outcomes.

Varicocele

A varicocele is an enlargement of veins within the scrotum. It is common and often develops on the left side.

It may:

• Cause a dull ache or heaviness
• Affect fertility in some individuals
• Be found incidentally on exam

Treatment depends on symptoms and fertility goals.

Hydrocele

A hydrocele is a fluid collection around the testicle.

Features include:

• Painless swelling
• Feeling of fullness in the scrotum

Many hydroceles do not require treatment unless they cause discomfort or increase in size.

Why testicular health changes happen

Changes in the testicles can be caused by:

• Infection or inflammation
• Blood flow or vein-related conditions
• Hormonal factors
• Developmental differences
• Tumors (benign or cancerous)

Many conditions are not serious, but it is important to evaluate any new or persistent change.

When should you seek care?

You should seek medical evaluation if you notice:

• A lump, swelling, or change in size
• Persistent or worsening pain
• A feeling of heaviness or discomfort
• Sudden, severe pain (this may require urgent care)
• Changes that do not resolve over time

When it comes to testicular health, it is always appropriate to get checked if something feels different.

What to expect at your visit

At Mayo Clinic, your care is focused, respectful, and tailored to your concerns.

Your evaluation may include:

• A discussion of symptoms and medical history
• Physical examination
• Ultrasound imaging (a common and noninvasive test)
• Lab testing when needed

In many cases, an ultrasound can quickly help determine the cause of symptoms.

Treatment options

Treatment depends on the diagnosis and your individual needs.

For benign conditions

• Observation and monitoring
• Medications (such as antibiotics or anti-inflammatory treatments)
• Supportive care

For varicocele or structural concerns

• Monitoring
• Minimally invasive procedures or surgery when indicated

For testicular cancer

Treatment may include:

• Surgical removal of the affected testicle
• Imaging and staging
• Additional therapies such as chemotherapy or radiation, depending on the case

Our team works closely with oncology specialists to ensure coordinated care.

Fertility and hormone considerations

Some testicular conditions can affect:

• Sperm production
• Testosterone levels

When needed, we evaluate these areas and discuss options to preserve fertility and maintain hormone health.

A team-based approach

Care at Mayo Clinic involves a coordinated team, which may include:

• Urologists with expertise in testicular and men’s health conditions
• Advanced Practice Providers (APPs) who help manage care and follow-up
• Nurses and care coordinators who support your care experience
• Radiology and laboratory teams for diagnostic testing
• Oncology specialists when cancer care is needed

This team-based approach ensures comprehensive and seamless care.

Taking the next step

It can feel uncomfortable to talk about testicular concerns, but these issues are common and often very treatable.

Early evaluation can provide reassurance, identify problems early, and guide effective treatment.

Why choose Mayo Clinic?

• Expertise in both common and complex testicular conditions
• Access to advanced diagnostic tools
• Coordinated care across specialties
• A respectful, patient-centered approach

Moving forward

Knowing what is normal for your body is important. If you notice any changes in your testicles, do not ignore them.

Our team is here to provide clear answers, thoughtful guidance, and care that is focused on your health and goals.

Request an appointment
If you have concerns about testicular health, you can request an appointment with the Mayo Clinic Department of Urology. We are here to help you take the next step with confidence.

• Explore Mayo’s Department of Urology
• Request an appointment.