HIV research provided foundation for COVID-19 research

Dec 1, 2021 | Kanaaz Pereira, Connect Moderator | @kanaazpereira

This year's World AIDS Day will be commemorated on Dec. 1. It was 40 years ago in June that the first scientific report was made describing pneumocystis pneumonia, which later became known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The AIDS epidemic has claimed more than 36 million lives since the first cases were reported in 1981. AIDS is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While more people can live with the virus that causes AIDS, there is no cure.

One question some have is how vaccines for COVID-19 were developed within two years while a vaccine for HIV remains unavailable. Dr. Andrew Badley, director of the HIV Immunology Laboratory at Mayo Clinic, says when it comes to HIV/AIDS, there are different challenges, including a myriad of mutations of HIV.

One of the research projects led by Dr. Badley uses the prime, shock and kill approach to cure HIV infection.

"Our approach to HIV has been first to study how it is that HIV kills the cells that it does kill. And we've spent years doing that, and we have some pretty good ideas on how that happens. Now we're trying to make it so that when HIV infects a cell, it kills every cell that it infects. And if we are successful then what has been accomplished is that we will have converted HIV into an influenza-like infection. We have developed a variety of pharmacologic approaches using drugs that are typically in the cancer arena to try to augment the death of those infected cells. We have two approaches to doing that. One is to use a drug that's used for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is a drug that blocks an anti-death protein. We know that when we infect cells with HIV in the presence of that drug, more cells die. We've shown that in a test tube, using cells from HIV infected patients. More recently we are using that same drug in animal model experiments and we ho[pe to finish and publish those experiments soon."

Another approach they have is with a drug that's used to treat multiple myeloma.

"It is a drug that blocks a pathway called the proteasome. And the proteasome is very important for a lot of the proteins involved in HIV replication, and in the survival of HIV-infected cells," says Dr. Badley. "We've shown in a test tube that this treatment causes more of the infected cells to die."

Dr. Badley says his team has completed a clinical trial on this approach in HIV-infected patients.

"We know that it's safe and well-tolerated, and the changes in the amount of virus-infected cells is reduced compared to historical cohorts. Now we hope to move toward a comparative trial where we see if it does something beneficial, compared to standard therapy alone."

While a vaccine for HIV/AIDS remains challenging, Dr. Badley is optimistic that HIV will one day be cured.

"I'm hopeful that these approaches will work," says Dr. Badley, "And very optimistic that HIV might be cured. And by cured, I mean HIV-infected patients no longer need to take pills to suppress the virus, and HIV is either gone or functionally gone from the body. Multiple groups around the world are working on multiple different approaches. Ours is one of them. I think that the final answer will be combining several of these approaches at the same time, and one day, we'll get to a functional cure or eradication of HIV."

Excerpted from Mayo Clinic News Network