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@aed

Hello. I am not finding....“The upper esophageal sphincter can respond favorably to isometric and isokinetic neck extensions, but no physical exercise exists to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter...." within the Livestrong article you share. As I read this article I find this, "How can such exercises work? According to Nefarati Ellis-Marin, DPT, a physical therapist with Mount Sinai West, posture and body mechanics over time can affect the diaphragm, and it's possible to re-educate the body so that the diaphragm and, in turn, the LES, work better." I see that this doesn't say it actually strengthens the ELS, but that somehow breathing exercises help your diaphragm and ELS function better. I'm not finding your quote in the article. Will you please help? Thank you.

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Replies to "Hello. I am not finding....“The upper esophageal sphincter can respond favorably to isometric and isokinetic neck..."

@aed, that's very odd. I'm no longer finding that quote in the article either or anywhere else on the internet for that matter. I quoted the article in 2016, thus they have likely updated the article since then.

The article refers to this 2016 paper:
Breathing training on lower esophageal sphincter as a complementary treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a systematic review https://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/4547-4552-Breathing-training-on-lower-esophageal-sphincter.pdf