@tdrohan, you may be interested in my long experience with cystoscopy. I have had regular cystoscope exams for nearly 10 years after removal of several papillary tumors from the lining of my bladder. The tumors were discovered during a TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate) procedure, which is an expansion of cystoscopy, adding a tool to snip off prostate tissue to permit its removal through the urethra. In all of that -- including more than 20 cystoscope exams over the years -- I had had no repercussions other than minor temporary pain as the 'scope passes through the valve into the bladder. Infections are prevented with 1) germicide application to the external opening in the urethra and with 2) a good antibiotic taken before the procedure begins. I was told at the outset that perforations almost never happen, and when they do, it results from an unexpected kink in the urethra, which is extremely rare. Martin