@glabelle said, "You just never know..."

Indeed. Let me riff on this a little!

Look at it from the doctor's point of view, the less you know for certain, the more you guess, and then tend to bias for overtreatment, just in case.

And this happens pretty broadly across medicine, the scenarios are pretty much the same.

So it's a real frontier in medicine - to know more! To develop more testing of all sorts of direct and indirect indicators, to make that testing simpler and cheaper, to link it to genetic profiles.

The hope is that this way testing (and knowing!) replaces overtreatment and with any luck it improves the overall success rate of the entire game.

There are several medical startups, and also many projects in major drug and medical firms, not to mention academic institutions, pushing in these directions. It's also one place where they are experimenting with AI to see if, given enough data that today nobody really knows how to read, the AI can discover patterns that let us know and take better actions.