@mayblin Thank you so much. I watched the presentation in its entirety -- lots of great information. It looks like the general goal is -1.5, since any lower than that and you don't get added benefit in terms of fracture risk. Still seems unattainable for someone like me. Especially since I am unwilling to be on osteoporosis meds forever. I also noticed from the presentation that if one is osteopenic, meds are not necessarily called for -- exercise, nutrition, etc are an option. As the speaker says, treatment needs to be individualized, as many factors need to be considered. Again, thank you, @maybin.